Xyoo 2018, kev lag luam roj hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb rau cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke tau txog US $ 4.512 billion, nce ntxiv txhua xyoo ntawm 16%. Qhov kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam roj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv semiconductor thiab qhov loj ntawm kev lag luam tau ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv hauv tsev ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb!
Cov pa roj hluav taws xob yog dab tsi?
Cov roj hluav taws xob yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb uas siv rau hauv kev tsim cov semiconductors, cov zaub tiaj tiaj, cov teeb ci, cov roj teeb hnub ci thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab siv dav hauv kev ntxuav, kev txiav, kev tsim zaj duab xis, kev doping thiab lwm yam txheej txheem. Cov chaw siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob suav nrog kev lag luam hluav taws xob, cov roj teeb hnub ci, kev sib txuas lus ntawm tes, kev tsav tsheb thiab lub tsheb suab thiab video systems, aerospace, kev lag luam tub rog thiab ntau lwm yam teb.
Cov roj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm muab faib ua xya pawg raws li nws cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg: silicon, arsenic, phosphorus, boron, hlau hydride, halide thiab hlau alkoxide. Raws li ntau txoj kev siv hauv cov voj voog sib xyaw ua ke, nws muaj peev xwm muab faib ua cov roj doping, roj epitaxy, roj ion implantation, roj light-emitting diode, roj etching, roj chemical vapor deposition thiab roj balance. Muaj ntau tshaj 110 units roj tshwj xeeb siv hauv kev lag luam semiconductor, uas ntau tshaj 30 yog siv feem ntau.
Feem ntau, kev lag luam tsim khoom semiconductor faib cov pa roj ua ob hom: cov pa roj ib txwm muaj thiab cov pa roj tshwj xeeb. Ntawm lawv, cov pa roj feem ntau siv yog hais txog kev muab khoom hauv nruab nrab thiab siv ntau cov pa roj, xws li N2, H2, O2, Ar, He, thiab lwm yam. Cov pa roj tshwj xeeb yog hais txog qee cov pa roj tshuaj siv hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom semiconductor, xws li kev nthuav dav, kev txhaj tshuaj ion, kev sib xyaw, kev ntxuav, thiab kev tsim lub ntsej muag, uas yog qhov peb hu ua cov pa roj tshwj xeeb hauv hluav taws xob, xws li SiH4, PH3, AsH3, B2H6, N2O, NH3, SF6, NF3, CF4, BCl3, BF3, HCl, Cl2, thiab lwm yam.
Hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm kev lag luam semiconductor, los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov chip mus rau qhov kawg ntim khoom, yuav luag txhua qhov txuas yog inseparable los ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb, thiab ntau yam roj siv thiab cov kev xav tau zoo, yog li cov roj hluav taws xob muaj cov ntaub ntawv semiconductor. "Khoom noj".
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tseem ceeb xws li semiconductors thiab cov vaj huam sib luag zaub tau nce ntxiv hauv lub peev xwm tsim khoom tshiab, thiab muaj kev thov kom muaj zog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg hluav taws xob. Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov pa roj hluav taws xob hauv kev lag luam semiconductor tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Kev lag luam roj hluav taws xob hauv tsev yuav coj kev loj hlob sai.
Cov roj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom huv heev, vim tias yog tias qhov huv tsis raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, cov pawg tsis huv xws li cov pa dej thiab cov pa oxygen hauv cov roj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb yuav yooj yim tsim cov zaj duab xis oxide rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub semiconductor, uas cuam tshuam rau lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov roj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb muaj cov khoom tsis huv uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub voj voog luv luv ntawm semiconductor thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub voj voog. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias kev txhim kho ntawm kev huv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho tas mus li ntawm kev lag luam semiconductor, cov txheej txheem tsim cov chip txuas ntxiv mus zoo dua, thiab tam sim no nws tau mus txog 5nm, uas yog yuav mus txog qhov txwv ntawm Moore's Law, uas yog sib npaug rau ib-nees nkaum ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm tib neeg cov plaub hau (kwv yees li 0.1 hli). Yog li ntawd, qhov no kuj tso tawm cov kev cai siab dua ntawm kev huv ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb tsim los ntawm semiconductors.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Ob Hlis-15-2021
